In the 1930s phosphates ( sodium phosphates) and polyphosphates ( sodium hexametaphosphate) were introduced, continuing with the introduction of phosphonates ( HEDP, ATMP, EDTMP). The earliest builders were sodium carbonate (washing soda) and sodium silicate (waterglass). In addition, they help remove soil by dispersion. Builders remove mineral ions responsible for hard water through precipitation, chelation, or ion exchange. The metal cations present in these dissolved minerals, particularly calcium and magnesium ions, can react with surfactants to form soap scum which is much less effective for cleaning and can precipitate onto both fabric and washing machine components. Most domestic water supplies contain some dissolved minerals, especially in hard water areas. Builders īuilders (also called chelating or sequestering agents) are water softeners. Laundry detergents may contain builders (50% by weight, approximately), surfactants (15%), bleach (7%), enzymes (2%), soil antideposition agents, foam regulators, corrosion inhibitors, optical brighteners, dye transfer inhibitors, fragrances, dyes, fillers and formulation aids. Soils difficult to remove are pigments and dyes, fats, resins, tar, waxes, and denatured protein. Bleaching is an oxidation reaction which turns the colored substance into a colorless one, which either stays on the fabric or may be easier to wash out. Bleachable stains such as wine, coffee, tea, fruit juices, and vegetable stains.These require enzymes, heat or alkali to hydrolyze and denature them into smaller parts before they can be removed by the surfactants. Proteins such as blood, egg, milk, and keratin from skin.Hydrophobic soils such as animal fats, vegetable oils, sebum, mineral oil, and grease.Solid particulate soils such as rust, metal oxides, soot ( carbon black), carbonates, silicates, and humus.Water-soluble soils such as sugars, inorganic salts, urea, and perspiration.From a chemical viewpoint, soils can be grouped into: Washing laundry involves removing mixed soils from fiber surfaces. By then, new developments and the later conversion of aviation fuel plants to produce tetrapropylene, used in household detergents production, caused a fast growth of domestic use in the late 1940s. Such detergents were mainly used in industry until after World War II. In the 1930s, commercially viable routes to fatty alcohols were developed, and these new materials were converted to their sulfate esters, key ingredients in the commercially important German brand FEWA, produced by BASF, and Dreft, the U.S. German chemical companies developed an alkyl sulfate surfactant in 1917, in response to shortages of soap ingredients during the Allied Blockade of Germany during World War I. The earliest recorded evidence of the production of soap-like materials dates back to around 2800 BC in ancient Babylon. History FEWA, an early laundry detergent from Germanyįrom ancient times, chemical additives were used to facilitate the mechanical washing of textile fibers with water. While powdered and liquid detergents hold roughly equal share of the worldwide laundry detergent market in terms of value, powdered detergents are sold twice as much compared to liquids in terms of volume. Laundry detergent is manufactured in powder ( washing powder) and liquid form. Laundry detergent is a type of detergent (cleaning agent) used for cleaning dirty laundry (clothes). The two forms of laundry detergent: powder and liquid
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